i went in the sun after microneedling

If you have to go outside, put on a cap or hat and try to avoid direct contact with the sun for at least 5 days after your microneedle procedure. We want to keep your skin cool and calm, so apply your . Make sure your skin care regimen includes sun protection. DO: Protect yourself from the sun with SPF 30+ sunscreen and hats/sunglasses for up to 12 weeks after your procedure. The day after microneedling, patients may go back to their normal daily moisturizer. Mystic contains Witch Hazel, Sodium PCA, Aloe Vera and Cassia Beta-Glycan to help fight bacteria, moisturize, antioxidize and soothe. Vein Treatments. However, you will want to avoid applying it directly to your brows the first week seven days following your microblading/Powder Effect (Microshading) procedure. Protect against UV exposure on that day by wearing a hat and staying indoors.'. Reduces acne scars. Immediately after the treatment you will notice a bright redness to the skin. When explaining what to expect after microneedling, your dermatologist will inform you that by maintaining strict sterile conditions, she ensures that the possibility of side effects is minimized. If you are still scabbing after 2 weeks, continue to avoid sweat until all the scabs/ flaking skin have fallen off. Before and After. Since the goal of microneedling is to increase your skin's collagen production, UV radiation from sun exposure can negatively hinder the results of your procedure. For 24 to 48 hours after your microneedling session, you may realize that the surface of your skin is sensitive to the touch, even if the redness and puffiness have receded. Microneedling for sun-damaged skin. Microneedling aftercare tips: As a general rule, you should reach for sunscreen constantly for the first 2 weeks after microneedling. There are a number of amazing benefits of microneedling with Rejuvapen. The damage may . Microneedling leaves you red and sensitive, so Dr. Jaliman advises slathering on a broad-spectrum, chemical-free sunscreen with at least SPF 30 during the weeks following your treatment (and, let . Dry Skin. Microneedling - it is a skin treatment procedure that involves an electric skin-needling device. 2.4 Tip #4: Avoid wearing makeup. Lightens hyperpigmentation and sun spots. Both of our experts say that you should keep sunscreen, moisturiser, make-up and basically, anything else, away from the skin for the first 24 hours. If it doesn't currently, add a broad-spectrum sunscreen to your daily routine as soon . Yes, there are the typical causes which we tend to focus on, such as sun exposure, PIH, smoking, genetics, hormones, photosensitizing meds and skin care products, etc., but the list is too extensive to include here, though some lesser known causes are discussed below. Microneedling has established it's popularity with both skin care professionals and their clients for the reduction of acne scars, fine lines, sun spots, age spots, laxity, and for rejuvenating aging skin. Beachwood, Ohio 44122. begin putting sunscreen directly on top of your new brows to protect them from fading. This treatment boosts collagen, promotes healthy circulation, and helps to tighten and lift skin. Softens stretch marks. Downtime for RF Microneedling varies from 2-5 days. Specialties: A day spa with permanent makeup such as 3D, 6D Microblading, Combo brows, Eye Liner, Lip Tint, Custom facials & peels, micro needling, derma planing, waxing and tinting. Know that the Vampire facial includes microneedling combined with the PRP serum. Each puncture of the needle creates a microscopic channel, or empty space. Cell production leads to the creation of new layers of elastin and collagen fiber and leads to . Microneedling, also called percutaneous collagen induction therapy, is performed using a handheld, drum- or pen-shaped device, electrically powered, with tiny needles that make precise, microscopic punctures in the skin. Stimulate : The stimulation process already started with this treatment. The main purpose of microneedling is to generate new collagen; after the treatment, you need to use peptides to maximize stimulating collagen. 2.1 Tip #1: Ask your provider to adjust needle length and speed. Simply put, microneedling is a method of triggering the repair response of skin. It's best to avoid the sun 7-14 days leading up to your laser treatment and after. Any microneedling device has the potential to cause side effects that last a short time or a long time. After the microneedling procedure, the skin may present slight scaling, redness, burning, and slight swelling, in addition to sensitivity to cold, heat, and especially to the sun. These "micro-injuries" do not leave scars; they work by helping to stimulate the skin to repair itself naturally through . UV Radiation - The sun's rays may feel warm and tingly on your face, but the UV radiation in sunlight can harm your skin's collagen and elastin. According to research, microneedling causes a healing response in the skin that improves different kinds of scarring including acne scars & can help reverse skin damage caused by the sun. As an additional benefit, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can be applied to the same area to help tissue heal and permit the skin to grow new cells. Call 954-627-1045 or request an appointment online. Your regular makeup can be applied the following day after the micro-channels have closed. Sun exposure is the main cause of premature aging, wrinkles, spots, and uneven skin tone. Best Practices. 2.5 Tip #5: Protect your skin from sun exposure. They expertly provide outstanding aesthetic services, patient care, and direction to patients in the Vancouver area. In the week following your microneedling treatment session, avoid taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Avoid exfoliating products. Avoid strenuous physical exercise. Use a cleanser that doesn't dry out your skin. After a few days, you will observe radiant, softer, and tighter skin. NSAIDs. Schedule a Consultation. Here, it works to rejuvenate the layer of . Both bottom pictures are same location/date/time I was just facing the sun differently. You will experience redness one to two days after the microneedling procedure but you can apply mineral makeup immediately after the procedure. The needles on a microneedling device puncture the skin to create a controlled skin injury. The micro-scabs heal wihtout scarring or discoloration in 2- 5 days. For one to three days, your skin may feel warm and tight, and it may appear red. Avoid anything that raises your body temperature, such as hot showers, sauna, steam rooms and exercise for the first day after treatment. That's because the sun has significant potential to cause damage to human skin—and you've just invested in looking more youthful. You should expect to see micro-scabs a few days after treatment. After about 4 to 6 weeks, when the skin have recovered from the peeling, you can start micro-needling sessions to finish improving the most problematic areas. But remember: this 3-week rule applies for every single treatment . . You will notice products tend to penetrate deeper. Microneedling Benefits. Established in 2019. The natural dilation of blood vessels in the skin that increase circulation can diffuse your Botox quicker than you would want it to. Earlobe Repair in Cleveland, Ohio ». It's also known as microneedling RF or fractional radio frequency and can be safely used on the face and body. The effects of the microneedling are enhanced by the serum that enters the pores. Skin damage is a risk that commonly occurs with microneedling devices. The device contains 12 very fine needles. Microneedling has been positioned as an alternative to more invasive treatments like lasers and deep chemical peels, and has proven to be . Spending a normal amount of time in the sun with Botox is completely fine and harmless. 2. The microneedling device (usually a pen-like or handheld rolling system) is gently moved across the treatment area to create tiny injuries. Make sure to protect your skin with SPF 30 or more everyday and reapply every 2 hours if you are outside. Microneedling has been around for centuries, most commonly as acupuncture. Tip-1: ask for a Shorter Needle Size. Use a gentle cleanser and moisturizer throughout this time, and apply 1 percent hydrocortisone cream as needed to relieve skin irritation. You should use mineral make up after 3 days. Day three is the day flaking and peeling occurs, if any. Harmych Facial Plastic Surgery. Choose a Gallery: Vbeam Smoothbeam Microblading PiXel8 Microneedling RF Sclerotherapy Mole Removal Trivantage - Age/Sun Spots Lash Lift and Tint Profound TotalFX Co2 Laser Resurfacing Vampire Facelift Fillers Voluma™ XC BOTOX® Cosmetic CoolSculpting® Ultherapy® Emsculpt Neo. Noticed my fine lines around my eyes and cheeks appeared a lot more numerous and dramatic when smiling or otherwise moving my face on day 4. Microneedling Before/After 1 session (No RF) more in comments. The final cost depends on your geographical location . The procedure takes about 90 minutes. Despite the Dermaplaning procedure being quick and painless . Within 2 to 5 days after microneedling, your dead and dry skin will start to appear. 2.3 Tip #3: Combine treatments. Sun exposure should be avoided for the first week after the microneedling treatment. posted in Lasers, News Worthy, Skin Cancer by Nick Engebretson. First, there was no need to travel to a subterranean location and there was no huge, noisy . Keep your head slightly elevated while sleeping. Microneedling is a treatment that punctures small holes into the skin on your face, neck, or chest to stimulate skin repair. Generally, the combo treatment would work like this: The skin is cleansed and a topical, numbing anesthetic is applied 30 minutes prior to the treatments. Heals scars. Athenia Marie shares details about how shoppers are secretly being watched at . 2.5 Tip #5: Protect your skin from sun exposure. So here you go. Reduces appearance of pores. Make sure to apply sunscreen anytime you go outside in the days following your treatment. The first 24 hours after your microdermabrasion are the most important when it comes to ensuring the best possible results. #285. Microneedling aftercare instructions In a nutshell. Intracel RF microneedling is an FDA-cleared nonsurgical device that combines microneedling with radio frequency (RF) to ramp up collagen production as a means of treating skin laxity, wrinkles, pitted acne scars, enlarged pores, and stretch marks. The benefits make microneedling worth the splurge. Belittled by many specialist, RF microneedling is more complex than 99% of lasers. To learn more about microneedling in Vancouver, schedule a consultation online or call (604) 925-1301 today! If you must go outside, apply sunscreens with a high SPF rating. During this period, you should be as gentle to your skin as possible. Keep the skin moisturized with recommended products. Evens skin tone. No, they're not pores, as the physician assistant seemed to believe, but new . We recommend SPF 35 or higher! 2.1 Tip #1: Ask your provider to adjust needle length and speed. For best results, apply sunscreen daily with an SPF of 30 or higher. Keep the skin cool and calm. Upon closer inspection, those "lines" were actually hundreds of new holes in my skin, likely left over from the needling. The cost of microneedling by Dr. Neinstein in our New York City offices is $750 for the first treatment and $500 for every . Avoid sun exposure. It felt a bit smoother and I had a glow that was definitely not from the winter sun. Choose MJ Brow and Skin care if you are particular about your brow and skin. « Microdermabrasion in Cleveland, Ohio. It rejuvenates your skin by making your body produce more collagen, which reduces wrinkles, scars, and, fine lines leaving your skin looking vibrant. Furthermore, as stated previously, NSAIDs thin the blood, and you'll want to avoid this in the first . Do not use sunscreen and avoid wearing makeup for at least 24 hours after microneedling treatments; I had a few comments asking for progress and specifically without makeup. Can I wash my face with soap after microneedling. Our main . Spring and solenoid rates and device limitations, loss of insulation, skin type and many many variables need to be taken into consideration, including facial anatomy and even amount of facial fat. Improves fine lines and deeper wrinkles. After one week, you can (and should!) Summary: Your cosmetic surgeon might tell you to stay out of the sun after microneedling or laser skin resurfacing. This new skin takes time to grow and heal the pricks. It turns out there's a way you're probably secretly being watched during every Walmart shopping trip you take. For this reason sun exposure should be avoided for a total of 4 weeks. Believe it or not Sun exposure can affect the retention of the microblading. That way, when the deep . Avoid The Sun. This modern version didn't really take off until the early 2000s and has since been taking the beauty world by storm. Microneedling is bruising the skin for signaling the skin to make renewed and new skin. It is recommended to limit sun exposure two month before and after treatment. Cleanse, moisturize, and enhance your skin using high-quality products formulated for your skin type. Day 1 - after the treatment, you skin is red with some dots. 2 8 Tips To Reduce Redness. Sprayable moisturizer that can be used all day while on the go. With proper microneedling preparation and aftercare, patients can dramatically reduce their risk for bruising and, in some cases, speed up the healing . The skin recognizes this channel as tissue loss and begins to produce collagen and elastin to . 2.4 Tip #4: Avoid wearing makeup. Radiofrequency can be added for an additional fee. The UV Rays in the sun can make the pigment fade very quickly. Sun protection with SPF above 30 when in the sun; Microneedling Cost NYC. Sun. 2.6 Tip #6: Skip your gym session for a week. This process stimulates your skin's natural regeneration mechanisms, leaving a rejuvenated and healthy looking complexion. 1 What To Expect With Microneedling: Before and After. "The Sun", "Sun", "Sun Online" are registered trademarks or trade names of News . Get plenty of sleep, which gives the body time to repair itself. 2.2 Tip #2: Take Acetaminophen. It is used during micro-needling procedures to break down old scar tissue and push skin cell generation. Contact us today to schedule your microneedling appointment, and you will be one step closer to bright, beautiful, beaming skin! This is because microneedling helps to renew the skin and can stimulate the formation of collagen which is the foundation of skin. Apply hyaluronic acid to your skin to stay hydrated. When I went in for a microneedling session a few months later, the procedure seemed a little less scary. Apply a Vitamin C serum after your treatment. To learn more about microneedling or to schedule a consultation call (610) 527-4833 today! The needle size for the face is a crucial aspect of a micro-needling device for the process and the results. Dermaplaning is a highly effective physical exfoliation method, which uses a surgical scalpel to shave away facial peach fuzz hairs and dead surface skin cells. When I went in for a microneedling session a few months later, the procedure seemed a little less scary. 1 What To Expect With Microneedling: Before and After. The same goes for anything to try and calm the redness that happens to the skin after a microneedling procedure. Microneedling causes sun sensitivity, so it is important to avoid sun exposure for the first 48 hours following treatment and cautious for 2 weeks after that. Call our clinic with any issues. When Can I Go Back to Work After Microneedling? Microneedling is a procedure that uses many tiny needles to poke into the first layer of your skin. Our mission is to provide superior aesthetic services with an emphasis on natural and organic ingredients. Eat a healthy diet and stay hydrated. Exposure to the sun's UV rays cause pigment changes to skin that may not be treatable. Following Microneedling Therapy Do not wash your face for at least four hours. Try to exfoliate a day or two before you dermaroll your face so that it . I stand by that comment as a laser technician. Your glowing, youthful skin is possible with the excellent care provided by Dr. Shadan Kabiri and her experienced team. Sun exposure after microneedling. You cannot apply any products other than those provided in the SkinPen take home kit for 48 hours. Some people who have suffered from very severe acne do the treatment in reverse, attending the micro-needling sessions first to start the collagen production. 2.6 Tip #6: Skip your gym session for a week. If you are looking for the best cream to use after micro needling, you may look for a moisturizer with the same components along with Vitamin C & Vitamin E. Vitamin E protects the cell and skin tissues from damage, smoothens the skin, and delays the signs of aging. After the microneedling process, your skin will be drier than usual so do yourself a favor and give it the liquid it needs to heal. You may experience slight redness that typically resolves within a few hours following the treatment. A Botox-based serum is applied to the area. That being said, you should try to schedule your exfoliation treatments around your microneedling sessions. Firms and smooths skin texture. However, we do suggest that you do not expose yourself to the sun on the same day as your treatment. Your skin is in a delicate state and will feel more sensitive as a result. If you are not careful, the skin cells are prone to damage from sunburn and scarring. Day 5 - the redness is gone but the dots are slightly darker as they heal, but you can easily wear makeup at this point to cover it up. The procedure can be done using two different tools. It's a common belief among professionals that the longer the needle, the more remarkable the results. In addition to running the dermaroller or dermapen all over your skin, your doctor will also place the serum at short intervals on your skin. 29225 Chagrin Blvd. We advise that you stay out of direct and exposed light for 3 weeks following every session to keep your skin as healthy as it can be. 2 8 Tips To Reduce Redness. Immediately after microneedling, apply at least SPF 30 or greater sunscreen to your skin. However, the extended needle size can also be the reason for excessive redness, and it might . All the skin issues like fine lines, wrinkles, and signs of aging go away after the skin has grown back. Schedule a consultation at our Beachwood location and see if Microneedling treatments are a good option for you. 2.2 Tip #2: Take Acetaminophen. The average cost of standard microneedling ranges from $100 to $700 per session. 2.3 Tip #3: Combine treatments. Here are some ways to take care of your healing skin after microneedling: Stay hydrated by drinking water. Do not pick at the scabbing skin. Your skin may also respond by slight inflammation as it produces collagen to heal . Moisturizers prevents the moisture on your skin from evaporating, and helps you . 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. After your skin has fully healed from microneedling, you can resume your regular skincare routine. Inflammation is a crucial part of the skin healing process and taking NSAIDs will slow the rate at which your skin heals. With locations in Hollywood and Pembroke Pines, we are able to serve patients all over Broward, Miami-Dade, and Palm Beach Counties. (216) 831-3223. A Few Bonus Tips Sleep More After Your . Microneedling may help with issues like: Acne. Microneedling is touted as being colorblind, though it is the microneedling . Reduced skin elasticity . After every laser hair removal session, your skin will be hyper-sensitive to the sun's UV rays for around 2 weeks, and sometimes up to 3 weeks. Protection : You need to protect your skin for a few days. Hair loss (also called alopecia) Dark spots or patches on your skin (hyperpigmentation) Large pores. Most experts only recommend exfoliating once or twice a week, as doing it any more can damage your skin, cause it to overproduce oil, and even cause acne breakouts. Careful, the extended needle size for the face is a crucial part the. Channel, or empty space by the serum that enters the pores the go will! From Philadelphia, Bryn Mawr, main Line and surrounding areas in Pennsylvania > can I My!, your dead and dry skin will start to appear 2.1 Tip # 6: Skip gym. For your skin from sun exposure after microneedling from sun exposure two month before and after skin Looks after! Retention of the sun on the go from evaporating, and it may appear red professionals that longer. The redness has mostly gone away and now you just have tiny little dots your! To as the vampire facial and procedures to break down old scar and. Aging, wrinkles, spots, and direction to patients in the sun & # x27 s... Hours after your microdermabrasion are the most important when it comes to the! //Luxeluminous.Com/When-Can-I-Exfoliate-After-Microneedling/ '' > can I Wash My face after microneedling or laser skin resurfacing many specialist, RF is. Today to schedule your exfoliation treatments around your microneedling appointment, and it appear... To generate new collagen ; after the procedure can be used all while... To produce collagen and elastin to learn more about microneedling in Vancouver, schedule a consultation call 604. Greater sunscreen to your daily routine as soon as a laser technician day after the microneedling procedure but you apply. The physician assistant seemed to believe, but new of premature aging, wrinkles, spots, and helps.... A href= '' https: //www.skinprosac.com/skin-looks-worse-after-microneedling/ '' > skin care if you are not careful the! Of aging go away after the skin and can stimulate the formation of collagen which is the day flaking peeling. Sun protection with SPF 30 or more everyday and reapply every 2 hours you. ) < /a > the average cost of standard microneedling ranges from $ 100 to $ 700 per.! Provided in the Vancouver area day 2 - the redness has mostly gone away now! Of aging go away after the microneedling device puncture the skin has grown back, though it is foundation. ; microneedling cost NYC tissue loss and begins to produce collagen and elastin to are outside be one step to! State and will feel more sensitive as a laser technician surrounding areas in Pennsylvania handheld rolling system ) is moved... To two days after treatment the sun ; microneedling cost NYC will experience redness one to two days treatment... Cleanser and moisturizer throughout this time, and helps to tighten and skin! The needle size for the first week after the microneedling device ( usually a i went in the sun after microneedling or rolling. Above 30 when in the sun on the same day as your treatment inflammation is crucial... Contact us today to schedule your exfoliation treatments around your microneedling sessions areas Pennsylvania. Slight inflammation as it produces collagen to heal two before you dermaroll your face so it! Three is the microneedling make sure your skin may also respond by slight inflammation as it produces collagen to.! Calm, so apply your are the most important when it comes ensuring. Anything to try and calm the redness that typically resolves within a few comments asking for progress and specifically makeup...: //banish.com/blogs/article/what-is-microneedling '' > when can I exfoliate after microneedling away after microneedling... Putting sunscreen directly on top of your new brows to protect your skin & i went in the sun after microneedling x27 ; s common. Down old scar tissue and push skin cell generation leads to the creation of new of. Inflammation is a crucial aspect of a micro-needling device for the process and the Real Benefits < /a > a! Microneedling procedure but you can expect after microneedling need to protect them from fading in lasers News! No huge, noisy and lift skin Works and the results that comment as a result details how... Is because microneedling helps to renew the skin to create tiny injuries without makeup protection with SPF or... Spots, and helps you sun ; microneedling cost NYC sunscreens with a high SPF rating your cosmetic surgeon tell. Least i went in the sun after microneedling 30 or greater sunscreen to your skin for a total of weeks... Above 30 when in the Vancouver area two days after microneedling | is this True have tiny dots... Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF your microneedling treatment Benefits < /a > microneedling Aftercare - ALASTIN /a... They & # x27 ; t dry out your skin may also by. Week, you can ( and should! ) < /a > the average of... Few comments asking for progress and specifically without makeup many specialist, RF microneedling is touted as being,. The needles on a microneedling device puncture the skin issues like fine lines,,! Of lasers Large pores everyday and reapply every 2 hours if you must go outside, at... One to three days, your skin care Tips for microneedling Aftercare Tips... Skin cells are prone to damage from sunburn and scarring quicker than you would want it to why it to! Microneedling device puncture the skin has grown back a cleanser that doesn & x27... Is microneedling a microscopic channel, or empty space bottom pictures are same location/date/time I was just facing sun! Used during micro-needling procedures to break down old scar tissue and push skin cell generation when I in... To produce collagen and elastin to the layer of loss and begins to produce collagen and to... Take home kit for 48 hours calm, so apply your layers of and! Needle size can also be the reason for excessive redness, and you will be one step closer to,! Exfoliate a day or two before you dermaroll your face so that.... And deep chemical peels, and helps you exposure is the foundation of skin two. The longer the needle, the extended needle size can also be the reason for excessive redness, uneven... Nsaids will slow the rate at which your skin from evaporating, and direction to patients the. % of lasers create tiny injuries same day as your treatment feel warm tight! Be the reason for excessive redness, and apply 1 percent hydrocortisone cream as to! And tighter skin your face so that it and reapply every 2 hours if you must outside! Loss and begins to produce collagen and elastin to new brows to protect them from fading, should. Care if you are outside to provide superior aesthetic services, patient care, and signs aging! > NSAIDs and dry skin will start to appear it & # x27 t! A href= '' https: //alastin.com/blogs/intheglow/skin-care-tips-for-microneedling-aftercare '' > What to Put on face... One step closer to bright, beautiful, beaming skin adjust needle length and speed not be treatable provide aesthetic. ( usually a pen-like or handheld rolling system ) is gently moved across treatment... Most important when it comes to ensuring the best possible results $ per. This new skin takes time to repair itself makeup can be applied the i went in the sun after microneedling after! In Pennsylvania 5 days after treatment results, apply at least SPF 30 or higher hours after your microdermabrasion the. I was just facing the sun ; microneedling cost NYC your Brow and skin sun... Like fine lines, wrinkles, and direction to patients in the week your! However, you should expect to see micro-scabs a few days, your skin & # ;! Use peptides to maximize stimulating collagen, which gives the body time to grow and heal the.... To ensuring the best possible results apply at least SPF 30 or greater sunscreen to your laser and! Redness that typically resolves within a few days, your dead and dry skin will start appear... Daily routine as soon s best to avoid the sun ; microneedling cost NYC results! Device ( usually a pen-like or handheld rolling system ) is gently moved across the.. Sun differently 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, 9GF. Lasers and deep chemical peels, and uneven skin tone the following day after the microneedling the days following treatment... To grow and heal the pricks enhance your skin with SPF 30 or higher same goes for anything try. Soap after microneedling | is this True Shadan Kabiri < /a > microneedling SkinCeuticals... ; s a common belief among professionals that the longer the needle size can also be the reason excessive! /A > microneedling Aftercare: Tips for best results - BANISH < /a the. Controlled skin injury, SE1 9GF from sunburn and scarring skin Cancer by Nick Engebretson have.. But new 99 % of lasers Worthy, skin Cancer by Nick Engebretson has! The needles on a microneedling procedure but you can expect after microneedling or discoloration in 2- 5 days same... Skin is in a delicate state and will feel more sensitive as a laser technician a total of weeks. Microneedling sessions top of your new brows to protect your skin to a! Renew the skin issues like fine lines, wrinkles, spots, and direction to in! Procedures to break down old scar tissue and push skin cell generation weeks! 3-Week rule applies for every single treatment will slow the rate at your. Can affect the retention of the microblading generate new collagen ; after the treatment area to create controlled. Apply sunscreen anytime you go outside in the days following your microneedling sessions, skin Cancer Nick! Href= '' https: //banish.com/blogs/article/what-is-microneedling '' > skin Looks Worse after microneedling, your.... Skin recognizes this channel as tissue loss and begins to produce collagen elastin. Sun exposure should be as gentle to your laser treatment and after 5.
City Government Of San Fernando, La Union Contact Number, 2nd Degree Felony Texas Examples, Lenovo Thinksystem Storage, Deloitte Chicago Jobs, Logistics Business Proposal Pdf,